Title:

Synthesis of Cu₃VS₄ Quantum Dots and Their Application in Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSCs)

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Abstract:

This work reports the synthesis of copper vanadium sulfide (Cu₃VS₄) quantum dots (QDs) via a simple colloidal method and explores their potential application in quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). The Cu₃VS₄ QDs exhibit tunable optical properties, narrow size distribution, and a suitable bandgap for light harvesting in the visible region. Structural, morphological, and optical characterizations were carried out using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The QDs were employed as sensitizers in solar cell devices using TiO₂ photoanodes. The photovoltaic performance was evaluated, showing promising power conversion efficiency and stability. This study suggests that Cu₃VS₄ QDs are a viable, cost-effective alternative to traditional toxic or rare metal-based QDs for solar energy conversion.

Introduction:

Quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their tunable bandgaps, high absorption coefficients, and potential for multiple exciton generation. Transition metal chalcogenide QDs, such as Cu-based compounds, offer the added advantages of low toxicity and earth-abundance. Cu₃VS₄ is a ternary metal sulfide with desirable optoelectronic properties, making it a potential candidate for solar energy applications. However, its use in QDSSCs has been underexplored. This study aims to synthesize Cu₃VS₄ QDs and assess their performance in sensitizing TiO₂-based solar cells.

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Experimental Section:

Materials:

Copper acetate, vanadium pentoxide, thiourea, oleylamine, and other solvents were used without further purification.

Synthesis of Cu₃VS₄ QDs:

Cu₃VS₄ QDs were synthesized via a hot-injection method. Copper acetate and vanadium precursors were dissolved in oleylamine under inert atmosphere and heated to 180–220°C. Thiourea was swiftly injected, leading to the formation of dark-colored Cu₃VS₄ colloidal QDs. After growth, the reaction was quenched, and the QDs were purified via centrifugation and solvent washing.

Characterization:

• XRD: Confirmed the crystalline structure corresponding to tetragonal Cu₃VS₄.

• TEM: Revealed spherical QDs with average diameters of ~5–8 nm.

• UV-Vis and PL spectroscopy: Showed absorption onset in the visible range (~500–700 nm), suitable for solar harvesting.

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QDSSC Fabrication:

A TiO₂ mesoporous layer was deposited on FTO glass substrates, followed by sensitization with Cu₃VS₄ QDs via a ligand exchange and dipping process. A polysulfide electrolyte and a counter electrode (e.g., platinum-coated FTO) completed the device architecture.

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Results and Discussion:

• The synthesized Cu₃VS₄ QDs exhibited size-dependent optical properties, confirming successful quantum confinement.

• Bandgap estimated from Tauc plot was in the range of 1.8–2.2 eV, ideal for visible light absorption.

• Photovoltaic measurements showed open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the range of comparable chalcogenide QDs, demonstrating their capability in solar cell applications.

• The use of Cu₃VS₄ reduces environmental concerns due to its lower toxicity compared to Cd or Pb-based QDs.

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Conclusion:

Cu₃VS₄ quantum dots were successfully synthesized and integrated into QDSSCs, demonstrating promising optoelectronic properties and solar energy conversion performance. Their earth-abundant and environmentally benign nature makes them a potential alternative for next-generation solar technologies. Further optimization of surface passivation and device architecture is expected to enhance their efficiency.

Nanomaterials

 

What are nanomaterials?

Scientists have not unanimously settled on a precise definition of nanomaterials, but agree that they are partially characterized by their tiny size, measured in nanometers. A nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter - approximately 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair.

Nano-sized particles exist in nature and can be created from a variety of products, such as carbon or minerals like silver, but nanomaterials by definition must have at least one dimension that is less than approximately 100 nanometers. Most nanoscale materials are too small to be seen with the naked eye and even with conventional lab microscopes.

Materials engineered to such a small scale are often referred to as engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), which can take on unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties. These emergent properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics, medicine, and other fields. For example,

1. Nanotechnology can be used to design pharmaceuticals that can target specific organs or cells in the body such as cancer cells, and enhance the effectiveness of therapy.
2. Nanomaterials can also be added to cement, cloth and other materials to make them stronger and yet lighter.
3. Their size makes them extremely useful in electronics, and they can also be used in environmental remediation or clean-up to bind with and neutralize toxins. 

However, while engineered nanomaterials provide great benefits, we know very little about the potential effects on human health and the environment. Even well-known materials, such as silver for example, may pose a hazard when engineered to nano size.

Nano-sized particles can enter the human body through inhalation and ingestion and through the skin. Fibrous nanomaterials made of carbon have been shown to induce inflammation in the lungs in ways that are similar to Asbestos .

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Types of nanotechnology

 

Nanotechnology is part of the new generation of innovation, sometimes called the “new industrial revolution”. The science and technology behind it will help transform various sectors, including aerospace, energy, information technology, medicine, national defence, and transportation.

In this post, we talk with Dr. Mariana Arce, professor in the Degree in Physics, about the types of nanotechnology, the development of nanotechnology and its future.

What is nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is a concept used to define the sciences and techniques that are applied at the nanoscale level (from 1 to 100 nanometers).

The idea of nanoscience was born in the last century by the physicist Richard Feynman, who spoke of nanotechnology as the process of being able to individually manipulate and control atoms and molecules. The term nanotechnology was used for the first time in 1974 by the Japanese Norio Taniguchi.

The improvement of new adequate techniques to work in the appropriate size such as scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) or Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) allowed the birth of nanotechnology that went on to develop throughout the rest of the century, leading to a true expansion of nanotechnology.

How many types of nanotechnology are there? Can you give us some examples of nanotechnology?

There are two approaches for the production of nanomaterials, structures, devices and systems: top-down or bottom-up. The first refers to the reduction in size of mechanisms and structures that are miniaturised at the nanometric scale. It is widely used in the field of electronics.

The second refers to the construction of structures from smaller elements. It starts with a nanometric structure, such as a molecule, and through an assembly or self-assembly process, a larger structure or mechanism is created. This process is more often used in the field of biomedicine.

Nanotechnology promises solutions to multiple problems that humanity currently faces, such as environmental, ecological or health.

How does it apply to medicine?

Nanotechnology is being applied in various fields of medicine and continues to grow day by day. In this particular sector, there is a great development that allows solving problems that until now were insurmountable.

There are many drugs with solubility problems that do not reach the desired site of action. With nanocarriers capable of carrying these poorly soluble drugs, it would be possible to reach the site of action where they should act. In this way, medicines that cannot be used due to their nature are transported to the area where they are most needed. The best-known example in these times are vaccines based on messenger RNA technology, such as those currently available against COVID-19. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is encapsulated in nanoparticles that act as vectors. These nanoparticles protect the RNA and transport it to cells where it is needed.

Another clear example is nanotechnology applied to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A neurodegenerative disease that with the increase in life expectancy has multiplied the number of people who suffer from it. Current drugs only alleviate symptoms once the disease has advanced. The big problem with this disease is that the design of drugs is complicated because they have to cross the blood-brain barrier, which serves to protect the brain from toxins, but also prevents the drugs from accessing the site of action, which in this case is the brain. With nanotechnology, drugs are being developed that manage to cross and reach the site of action.

What is the future of nanotechnology? How will it develop in the coming years?

The future is very promising, from the field of biomedicine, engineering, and others. New materials based on carbon nanostructures make it possible to reduce the size of the devices. These nanostructures have presented similar or better properties than many traditional materials, and can be improved for the use of batteries that store photovoltaic energy or as vectors for drugs.

In addition, in the field of ecology it can be used to prevent pollution and detect contaminants. Filters with nanoparticles that manage to trap toxic particles before they reach the environment.

The development of new methodologies such as CRISPR / Cas9, for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna in 2020, allows a protein to target the area chosen by the DNA and cut. With this methodology it will be possible to "repair" genetic diseases that until now were incurable.

There are a wide variety of examples and fields where nanotechnology is currently being applied and its development is exponential. Many call it the “new industrial revolution”. We will remain attentive to what happens to us because it is the future.

What is nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is a concept used to define the sciences and techniques that are applied at the nanoscale level (from 1 to 100 nanometers).

The idea of nanoscience was born in the last century by the physicist Richard Feynman, who spoke of nanotechnology as the process of being able to individually manipulate and control atoms and molecules. The term nanotechnology was used for the first time in 1974 by the Japanese Norio Taniguchi.

The improvement of new adequate techniques to work in the appropriate size such as scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) or Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) allowed the birth of nanotechnology that went on to develop throughout the rest of the century, leading to a true expansion of nanotechnology.



How many types of nanotechnology are there? Can you give us some examples of nanotechnology?

There are two approaches for the production of nanomaterials, structures, devices and systems: top-down or bottom-up. The first refers to the reduction in size of mechanisms and structures that are miniaturised at the nanometric scale. It is widely used in the field of electronics.

The second refers to the construction of structures from smaller elements. It starts with a nanometric structure, such as a molecule, and through an assembly or self-assembly process, a larger structure or mechanism is created. This process is more often used in the field of biomedicine.

Nanotechnology promises solutions to multiple problems that humanity currently faces, such as environmental, ecological or health.

How does it apply to medicine?

Nanotechnology is being applied in various fields of medicine and continues to grow day by day. In this particular sector, there is a great development that allows solving problems that until now were insurmountable.

There are many drugs with solubility problems that do not reach the desired site of action. With nanocarriers capable of carrying these poorly soluble drugs, it would be possible to reach the site of action where they should act. In this way, medicines that cannot be used due to their nature are transported to the area where they are most needed. The best-known example in these times are vaccines based on messenger RNA technology, such as those currently available against COVID-19. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is encapsulated in nanoparticles that act as vectors. These nanoparticles protect the RNA and transport it to cells where it is needed.

Another clear example is nanotechnology applied to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A neurodegenerative disease that with the increase in life expectancy has multiplied the number of people who suffer from it. Current drugs only alleviate symptoms once the disease has advanced. The big problem with this disease is that the design of drugs is complicated because they have to cross the blood-brain barrier, which serves to protect the brain from toxins, but also prevents the drugs from accessing the site of action, which in this case is the brain. With nanotechnology, drugs are being developed that manage to cross and reach the site of action.

What is the future of nanotechnology? How will it develop in the coming years?

The future is very promising, from the field of biomedicine, engineering, and others. New materials based on carbon nanostructures make it possible to reduce the size of the devices. These nanostructures have presented similar or better properties than many traditional materials, and can be improved for the use of batteries that store photovoltaic energy or as vectors for drugs.

In addition, in the field of ecology it can be used to prevent pollution and detect contaminants. Filters with nanoparticles that manage to trap toxic particles before they reach the environment.

The development of new methodologies such as CRISPR / Cas9, for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna in 2020, allows a protein to target the area chosen by the DNA and cut. With this methodology it will be possible to "repair" genetic diseases that until now were incurable.

There are a wide variety of examples and fields where nanotechnology is currently being applied and its development is exponential. Many call it the “new industrial revolution”. We will remain attentive to what happens to us because it is the future.

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Applying Nanomedicine to Empower Humanity

 

How is nanotechnology currently used in medicine?

Several coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines utilized nanoscale liposomes in the delivery of mRNA instructing for the production of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein with great success, protecting the sensitive nucleic acids from degradation during circulation and allowing direct translation across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm of cells throughout the body. 

While the mRNA vaccine component of the COVID-19 vaccines was relatively novel, liposomes have been used for drug and diagnostic agent delivery in patients for multiple decades, the first liposomal formula FDA approved in 1995 for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. 

Encapsulation of this highly toxic drug within liposomes extends circulation time and reduces side effects, promoting biocompatibility and safety, and liposomes have therefore since been adapted to various roles in nanomedicine, over a dozen specific chemotherapeutic-containing liposomal drugs currently FDA-approved as of 2022. 

Nanomaterials constructed from alternative materials such as organic polymers, metals, and metal oxides, present a number of additional advantages that may be exploited in nanomedicine, though represent a smaller proportion of approved materials. 

In one of their most basic diagnostic applications, the high density of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles can allow them to be used as contrast enhancers during X-ray imaging, while magnetic nanoparticles such as those constructed from iron oxide have been used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancers.

Nanoparticles constructed from plasmonic materials such as gold and silver engage in a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance, the in-phase oscillation of conduction band electrons belonging to the nanomaterial with incident light. This phenomenon leads to the intense adsorption of light at the in-phase oscillation wavelength, trailing off rapidly at higher and lower wavelengths as cohesion is lost, and is generally observable by the eye as a particular color. 

For example, gold nanoparticles around 10 nm in diameter absorb light 520 nm in wavelength very strongly, at the blue/indigo end of the visible spectrum, and thus a colloidal dispersion of the particles appears red since light of these wavelengths is not absorbed. The particular wavelength of light that engages in surface plasmon resonance is dependent on the size, shape, and material composition of the nanoparticle and its immediate surroundings, and can be tuned throughout the visible and into the near infra-red regions. 

Gold nanoparticles are already used as colorimetric indicators in several products, including commercially available pregnancy tests and SARS-CoV-2 testing kits. 

The particles within these indicators are coated with molecules that will only interact with specific target molecules, in these cases hormones related to pregnancy or the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, respectively, and are thus bound to an indicator line or to one another in their presence, causing the appearance of a colored line or the shift of an existing indicator from red to blue as the particles coagulate. 

This same principle can allow nanoparticles to be used as in vivo biomarkers and diagnostic probes, since near infra-red light is able to penetrate several tens of millimeters through biological tissue safely, starkly indicating the location of target biomolecules to complimentary molecules bound to the surface of the particle. 

One of the few FDA-approved gold nanoparticle formulations is known as Aurolase, which exploits surface plasmon resonance to quickly heat the nanoparticles by the application of high energy light of the resonance wavelength in a technique known as thermal ablation. When properly localized within the tumor a local tissue temperature rise of only a few degrees is sufficient to cause protein denaturation and lead to apoptosis. 

Other types of radiation therapy may be enhanced using nanoparticles localized to the target site, and therefore allow a lower overall dose of radiation to be delivered with equivalent efficacy. For example, incident photons are capable of ejecting inner-shell electrons upon collision with nanoparticles, causing those in the valence shell to fall to fill the gap. 

The difference in energy between the electron and electron hole is emitted as a photon and may subsequently encounter and eject a second inner-shell electron, repeating the process. The large reservoir of delocalized electrons available to many metallic nanoparticles allows numerous low-energy electrons to be emitted in this way in a process known as an Auger cascade, though no formulation explicitly exploiting this process is yet approved.

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NANOMEDICINE SIMPLIFIED: HOW IT WORKS, USES, BENEFITS, SAFETY

 

Nanomedicine is an emerging and prospectively revolutionary field in healthcare that combines nanotechnology and medicine. It involves the use of tiny materials, or nanoparticles, to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases at the molecular level. This cutting-edge technology can potentially transform healthcare, from early diagnosis to targeted therapy.

In this article, we will explore what nanomedicine is, how it works, as well as its potential benefits and controversies in the field of healthcare.

What is Nanomedicine?

Nanomedicine involves the application of nanotechnology in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. It involves the use of nanoscale materials to interact with the human body at the molecular level. These are typically between 1 and 100 nanometers in size.[1]

How Does Nanomedicine Work?

Nanomedicine works by using nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are particles of a very small size made of various materials such as metals, polymers, or lipids. Nanoparticles are designed to have specific uses and properties, such as:

• Targeting specific cells or tissues.
• Carrying drugs or imaging agents.
• Interacting with the immune system.

When these nanoparticles are introduced into the body, they can travel through the bloodstream and reach specific cells or tissues. They can then release drugs or imaging agents or interact with the cells to deliver therapeutic effects.

Types of Nanoparticles Used in Nanomedicine

There are various types of nanoparticles used in nanomedicine, including[2]:

• Lipid nanoparticles: Made of lipids, these form a protective layer around drugs or imaging agents, allowing them to be delivered to specific cells or tissues.
• Polymeric nanoparticles: These are made of polymers, which are long chains of repeating molecules. They can be designed to have distinct properties, such as biodegradability or targeting specific cell receptors.
• Metallic nanoparticles: Nanometals, such as gold or silver, can be used for imaging or improving drug delivery into cells. These can also act as semiconductors, enhancing imaging devices and diagnostics.
• Carbon-based nanoparticles: Tiny carbon molecules, such as carbon nanotubes or graphene, can be used for tissue engineering or improving drug delivery.

Nanomedicine Benefits and Uses

Nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize healthcare in various ways, including:

Early Detection and Diagnosis

One of the most significant benefits of nanomedicine is its potential for early detection and diagnosis of diseases. Nanomaterials can be used to target specific biomarkers or cells associated with diseases, allowing for early detection and diagnosis. This has greatly improved the development of medical devices, leading to more accurate diagnostics and improved patient outcomes.

For example, magnetic nanoparticles can be used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect cancer cells at an early stage. These nanoparticles can be coated with specific molecules that target cancer cells, making them visible in MRI scans.

Targeted Drug Delivery[3]

Nanoparticles can also be used as drug-delivery vehicles, allowing for targeting particular cells or tissues. This targeted approach can reduce side effects and increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs, especially intravenous injections.

For example, lipid nanoparticles can deliver drugs with anti-inflammatory effects to inflamed tissues, reducing the risk of systemic side effects. Additionally, nanomaterials can be combined to target specific cell adhesion molecules. These are involved in the progression of diseases such as cancer as well as chronic inflammation.

Nanocarriers coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) are another widely utilized drug delivery system in nanomedicine. These enhance the stability and circulation time of drugs in the body. PEG nanoparticles are commonly used to deliver chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells, improving the therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects.[4]

Regenerative Medicine

Nanomedicine also has the potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine, involving the repair or replacement of damaged tissues or organs[5]. Nanoparticles can be utilized to deliver growth factors or stem cells to damaged tissues, promoting tissue regeneration.

For example, using lipid nanoparticles to deliver growth factors and anti-inflammatory drugs to damaged cartilage. This promotes the repair of cartilage tissue in patients with osteoarthritis.

Artificial Intelligence in Nanomedicine

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being integrated into nanomedicine[6], allowing for more precise and personalized treatments. AI algorithms can quickly analyze molecular imaging data to identify the most effective treatment for a patient with complex conditions such as cancer.

They can also be used to optimize the design and delivery of nanomedicine therapies. The algorithms can analyze the properties of nanoparticles, such as their size, shape, and surface chemistry, to optimize their effectiveness in drug delivery. This can help in developing targeted drug delivery systems that improve therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects.

Overall, the integration of AI in nanomedicine holds great promise for enhancing the precision, personalization, and effectiveness of treatments, and ultimately propelling healthcare into the future.

Potential Controversies in Nanomedicine

While nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize healthcare, it also raises some concerns and controversies.

Side Effects and Safety

One concern with nanomedicine is the potential side effects and safety of nanoparticles. While nanoparticles are designed to be biocompatible and biodegradable, there is still a risk of adverse reactions or long-term effects.

For example, some nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes, have been shown to cause inflammation and fibrosis in animal studies. Additionally, the long-term effects of nanoparticles on the human body are still unknown, and more research is needed to ensure their safety.

Nanoparticles and the Immune System

Another main concern with nanomedicine is the potential interaction of nanoparticles with the immune system. When nanoparticles are introduced into the body, they can be recognized as foreign objects, triggering an immune response. This immune response can lead to the formation of a protein corona.

What is Protein Corona in Nanomedicine?

Protein corona is the layer of proteins that forms around nanoparticles when they come into contact with biological fluids. This layer can alter the properties of nanoparticles, impact their behavior and interactions in the body, and affect their delivery and therapeutic efficacy.[7]

The protein corona is considered both a problem and an opportunity that helps and hinders the way nanocarriers function.

For example, it can attract essential nutrients, such as amino acids and vitamins, to the nanoparticle. This may contribute to the side effects seen in some preclinical trials. Yet, it may also be used to deliver additional antioxidants into the cells where they are needed. Protein coronas are being studied for their potential advantages as nutritional nanocarriers.

Nanosimilars[8] and Clinical Trials

Nanomedicine also raises questions about the regulation and approval of nanosimilars, which are similar versions of existing nanomedicines. These nanosimilars may have different properties or effects compared to the original nanomedicine, and their safety and efficacy need to be evaluated through clinical trials.[9]

However, clinical trials for nanomedicines can be challenging, as they require specialized imaging methods and techniques to track the distribution and effects of nanoparticles in the body. This can lead to delays in the approval of nanosimilars and the availability of new treatments.

Conclusion

Nanomedicine is an exciting and rapidly advancing field that has the potential to revolutionize healthcare. By using nanoparticles, nanomedicine can improve early detection and diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. It also raises concerns about potential nanomaterial side effects and their regulation. With ongoing research and advancements in technology, nanomedicine has the potential to transform future disease prevention and treatment.

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Nanotech Glow: The Future of Skincare #Sciencefather #SrDoping #NanotechFuture #scientist

Barium ferrite (BaFe₁₂O₁₉) is a well-known magnetic material used in data storage, sensors, and microwave devices. But what happens when you dope it with strontium (Sr) and cobalt (Co)? The result is a supercharged nanoparticle with enhanced structural, magnetic, and electronic properties. 

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CoO Nanocrystals: The Future of OER Catalysts! #Sciencefather #technician #Nanotechnology

The Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) is the bottleneck in clean energy technologies like water splitting and metal–air batteries. Enter Cobalt Oxide (CoO) nanocrystals—a rising star in electrocatalysis with atomic-level precision.

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